Yeah i think i worded it wrong, i was thinking more along the line of race bonuses.
They exist, but they're either inherent to the race's ships, or defined by what techs the race gets and when.
For example, Advent have a racial bonus for shields - their ships tend to have higher base shield ratings than other races, they get shield-increasing techs early, and they're the only race that get shield mitigation bonuses.
On the other hand, their armour values tend to be low, and they don't get armour-improving techs until very late.
All the races have strengths, weaknesses and unique abilities in different areas.